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When you spin your head around in circles, the world appears to continue to spin.

  • Why do one's surroundings still seem to rotate when you stop whirling around in a circle?
  • What is happening in the brain?
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  • $\begingroup$ @Waqar I have retagged your question, but please take the time to clarify your point a bit. I think I do have an answer for you. $\endgroup$
    – Chuck Sherrington
    Commented Sep 5, 2013 at 4:00

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On each side of your head, in the middle ear, there is a system of canals in which displacement of a group of hair cells measure the movement along the 3 axes (the canals are tilted a bit back from 90°, so the coordinate system is not identical with that of the head).

So, when you move your head around and around as your body "whirls", the cupula of the horizontal canal (HC), which encases the hair cells, moves in the opposite direction and displaces the hair cells, causing the firing of action potentials. Once your head stops, the viscosity of the fluid in which the cupula is suspended prevents it from snapping right back to it's "default" position, so action potentials continue to be fired, and your nervous system (falsely) senses that your head is still moving.

enter image description here Courtesy of Scholarpedia Vestibular System

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    $\begingroup$ I believe this answer by Chuck is wrong. Common sense reason: the stimulation of the hair cells stops once the carrousel has stopped accelerating and reached a constant velocity. After that there is no more displacement of hair cells and they remain unaffected as long as the carrousel turns. Only when it brakes is there a stimulation again, and this is in the opposite direction due to braking, so in fact if this was the mechanism behind the aftereffect, the image should turn in the other direction, i.e. in the same direction that the carrousel had turned! $\endgroup$
    – user3116
    Commented Sep 5, 2013 at 6:19
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    $\begingroup$ @what the media is highly viscous, and the eyes do react (nystagmus). This is a standard explanation, yours is a bit abstract. Read about vertigo or damage to the canals or the cranial nerve. $\endgroup$
    – Chuck Sherrington
    Commented Sep 5, 2013 at 6:27
  • $\begingroup$ That's why I said "I believe", @ChuckSherrington :-) Can you provide some quotable sources that explain any one motion aftereffect through the vestibular system? $\endgroup$
    – user3116
    Commented Sep 5, 2013 at 6:53
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    $\begingroup$ @what I haven't forgotten about you and I am not ignoring you, I just need to dig up the reference, otherwise I'll be guilty of encouraging others to do the same without doing it myself. $\endgroup$
    – Chuck Sherrington
    Commented Sep 6, 2013 at 10:50
  • $\begingroup$ No sweat, @ChuckSherrington. You're not getting paid by me ;-) $\endgroup$
    – user3116
    Commented Sep 6, 2013 at 10:59
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You can find similar aftereffects when you stare out the front window of a moving vehicle for a couple of minutes and then stop: the landscape suddenly seems to slowly move away from you for some time; or when you stare out the widow of a train: when it stops the landscape appears to slowly move in the opposite direction. Aftereffects of this type can have any direction: when you stare at a rotating image and the rotation stops, the image appears to rotate in the opposite direction. Depending on the stimulus, this can be a smooth motion or it "jumps" forward and back.

This is called the direction aftereffect (DAE), "whereby prolonged exposure to a moving pattern affects the perceived direction of subsequent motion" (Clifford, 2002). This is an effect of perceptual adaptation, where the brain compensates for a supposed error in perception.

The mechanism behind this phenomenon was tested by Schrater and Simoncelli (1998):

Adaptation to a moving visual pattern induces shifts in the perceived motion of subsequently viewed moving patterns. Explanations of such effects are typically based on adaptation-induced sensitivity changes in spatio-temporal frequency tuned mechanisms (STFMs). An alternative hypothesis is that adaptation occurs in mechanisms that independently encode direction and speed (DSMs). Yet a third possibility is that adaptation occurrs in mechanisms that encode 2D pattern velocity (VMs). We performed a series of psychophysical experiments to examine predictions made by each of the three hypotheses. The results indicate that: (1) adaptation-induced shifts are relatively independent of spatial pattern of both adapting and test stimuli; (2) the shift in perceived direction of motion of a plaid stimulus after adaptation to a grating indicates a shift in the motion of the plaid pattern, and not a shift in the motion of the plaid components; and (3) the 2D pattern of shift in perceived velocity radiates away from the adaptation velocity, and is inseparable in speed and direction of motion. Taken together, these results are most consistent with the VM adaptation hypothesis.

Sources:

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  • $\begingroup$ After-effects are not the accepted explanation for dizziness. Also, motion after-effects are rarely observed when the stimulus viewed after adaptation is static, however dizziness is experienced even for static visual input. Indeed, after-effects are much weaker than the dizziness caused by spinning around. $\endgroup$
    – Bronson
    Commented Sep 10, 2013 at 22:06
  • $\begingroup$ We are not talking about dizziness here. The question asks about the perception of continued rotation. And where is there a static input when you whirl around? All you see is movement. But maybe we have a different idea of "whirling around". I'm thinking of a carrousel. $\endgroup$
    – user3116
    Commented Sep 11, 2013 at 4:54
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    $\begingroup$ Are you sitting down on a spinny chair? Close your eyes, spin around and open your eyes. The world still spins even though the your visual system is not adapted to the motion. $\endgroup$
    – Bronson
    Commented Sep 11, 2013 at 7:05
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    $\begingroup$ Is there actually a misperception of a spinning world when you close your eyes while spinning? I don't think so. There is a feeling of imbalance. The perception of the world moving after you have stopped only happens when you LOOK at the world while you spin. But then, that is my opinion, and you are free to do some research and quote it in your answer. Until you do, I am not convinced, because what you say is disproved by my experience. Maybe you should go to a playground and test your theory by carefully observing what actually happens. $\endgroup$
    – user3116
    Commented Sep 11, 2013 at 7:19
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    $\begingroup$ Screw the playground! What would be neat would be to apply TMS to area MT to evoke phosphenes after someone has spun around (eyes open or eyes closed). If the phosphenes are moving in a particular direction then the vestibular system must be influencing the visual signals somehow, $\endgroup$
    – Bronson
    Commented Sep 12, 2013 at 18:48
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@ChuckSherrington is correct except for a few very minor errors/simplifications.

First, the three semicircular canals that form the Vestibular (or balance) System are located in a safe little pocket of bone called the inner ear. The three canals are oriented at (basically) 90° angles to each other so that we can maintain our balance no matter which position our head is in (e.g. hanging from monkey bars upside down does not make young people dizzy, nor does it change their sensation of gravity.*) Finally, and crucially, they are linked with our ocular system through a neuronal connection called the vestibolo-occular reflex (VOR).[1] Because the connections are excitatory, increased firing from a canal afferent leads to contralateral movement of the eyes (which is how spinning ice skaters can keep track of / focus on where they are visually). I will not elaborate on the role of the vestibulocollic reflex (VCR) in the stabilization of visual acuity for brevity's sake. Normally all this occurs without notice.

The latency of action of the rotational vestibuloocular reflex (r-VOR) is 7-15 milliseconds, which is the time required for the eyes to respond in an equal, but opposite, manner to the motion of the head. This time is remarkably fast compared with the latency for visually mediated eye movements, which is longer than 75 milliseconds.[2]

What happens is that with spinning (say, in one plane), the cilia of the hair cells (see @Chuck Sherrington's diagram) are displaced, and remain displaced as long as one is spinning with the same velocity and direction. Once the spinning suddenly stops, the cilia proceed to move to their default position, tricking the VOC into moving the eyes in the opposite direction repeatedly until the cilia come to a complete stop.[3] You can observe this phenomenon by looking into the person's eyes immediately after they stop spinning (make sure they are safe from falling.) Once things settle down in the inner ear, the vertigo (perception of spinning) stops shortly thereafter as well.

The perception described by @what is different altogether.

[1] Anatomy and Physiology of the Vestibular System Gizzi, et. al.
[2] Vestibuloocular Reflex Testing - Amin, et. al.
[3] Baloh and Honrubia's Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System By Robert William Baloh, Kevin Kerber, MD

*I say young people because some decreased sensitivity to semicircular canal fluid movement occurs as we age, and elderly people may, indeed, become dizzy with drastic changes in position. This decreased sensitivity is often a contributing factor to falls in the elderly.

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