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Concurring with the comments on the Skeptics question, I am also not aware of a standardized operationalization of "number of decisions" that could be used to produce a meaningful measure for this, and to my knowledge no (serious) research has attempted to calculate a daily tally.
This clearly poses little challenge for the numerous references to this and ...
13
Short answer: Dual-process, mindfulness and flow theory are related by way of attention theory. Two previous posts that may be of interest are "What is the relation between concepts, constructs and measures?" and "How can we realize when a sociological question is impossible to answer?".
Commensurability
This is an apt example of what ...
answered Apr 28 '15 at 11:02
Christian Hummeluhr
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12
Does the locking refer to the initiation of the measurement with
starting cue being being the presentation of stimulus or the response
of the subject?
More or less, yes.
When measuring brain activity, you usually make a long, continuous recording during which you expose your study participants to a task over and over again. There's a lot of noise in ...
9
This is a very broad topic. I'll attempt to quickly summarize the most relevant findings from a wide variety of research areas.
Post-rationalization:
There is a fair bit of evidence that explanation follows decision-making, rather than the other way around. Here is a nice quote from Wikipedia attributed to Robert Zajonc: "decisions are made with little ...
6
His very first use of heuristic beyond computer science (he won the Turing award in Comp. Science) is from 1946.
The Proverbs of Administration
Herbert A. Simon, Public Administration Review, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Winter, 1946), pp. 53-67
If so, the evidence that it is an
error has never been marshalled or published-apart
from loose heuristic arguments
...
6
Short answer: This is mostly a question about statistical significance.
Cognitive dissonance theory encompasses several different research paradigms. I believe this question is about the "free-choice" paradigm - the only one that involves decision-making. This paradigm is also sometimes referred to as "choice-induced dissonance", or &...
6
I highly recommend PsychoPy over E-prime. Why?
Keeping track of who has the e-prime dongle is annoying.
Students learn it more easily (see data below).
E-prime uses visual basic (boo) and PsychoPy uses Python (yay!).
PsychoPy easily integrates with R, matlab, and HTML.
Everyone is doing it... (see data).
Some folks at UCSD did a survey in summer/fall 2014 ...
6
I think this is a rather difficult question to answer. Psychology Today sums up some interesting reasons why people totally aware of the risks involved in not wearing a seat belt (or in smoking tobacco products, alcohol abuse, dangerous driving...), still choose not to wear one (light up another cigarette etc.):
Justification of risky behavior may be re-...
5
The adverse effects of meditation as reported in scientific studies are as follows:
relaxation-induced anxiety and panic
paradoxical increases in tension
less motivation in life
boredom
pain
impaired reality testing
confusion and disorientation
feeling 'spaced out'
depression
increased negativity
being more judgmental
feeling addicted to meditation
...
5
Just found the book I used to study decision making. It's called Judgement and Decision Making and is written by Daniel and David Hardman. It is a perfect introductory book on the topic with references to pretty recent literature. It covers much of Tversky and Kahneman's work (the latter being the author of Thinking Fast and Slow), but also refer to ...
5
The problems presented by having too many choices are defined at the personal level by Overchoice and at the organization level as Analysis Paralysis. However, they both cover the same idea, wherein too many choices overwhelm a person's decision making process as each alternative is considered.
5
First, there's not complete agreement in psychology nor neuroscience: you can find support for most any imaginable position. But in terms of the consensus of recent peer-reviewed work, here are some thoughts.
“When a person is drawn to a specific item on the menu or a particular romantic prospect, the mind is trying to tell him that he should choose that ...
4
It's called "accentuate the positive, eliminate the negative." Or put another way, it's easier to portray the glass as "half full" rather than "half empty."
Especially when the ratio is not 50-50, but 99- to -1. That is "99 percent good" sounds a lot better than "1 percent bad."
The above psychological factors are so powerful that they appear to outweigh ...
4
A much-cited reference on the statistical backgrounds is this one:
Simon (1954), Spurious Correlation: A Causal Interpretation, J Am Stat Assoc; 49(267)
A more recent, open access but applied research paper on the topic is:
Parise et al. (2013), When Correlation Implies Causation in Multisensory Integration, Curr Biol; 22(1): 46–9
4
I like this idea! I think the task should be one where the data could be used by many analytic tools. Hence, the data would not only be beneficial for one particular question, for example parameter estimations, but also for other tools such as Systems Factorial Technology (see Townsend & Nozawa, 1995), which provides a deeper understanding of the ...
4
I agree with Marc-André, the selected stimuli should have no semantic association (or as little as possible) which is why I would encourage the use of geometric shapes that vary in colour. Additionally, I believe that the task should be as simple as possible in order to encourage the overall cleanliness of the data.
As you suggested, one such task is the ...
4
I don't like the idea that the task should be low error, errors are needed for modeling choice. I don't like random dot motion because there are big individual difference making it hard to find a common calibration point over people. I prefer instead a numerosity judgement, e.g., are more of less than 50% of a square array of pixels (usually a large number) ...
4
Just a few comments...
Since one of the advantages of a large data set is high statistical power, it might be a good idea to use a task where the key effect has not been found in previous studies. That would produce a guaranteed result: i.e., a high-power test of an important null result.
A pop-out condition in visual search would be one example (i.e., no ...
4
Phineas Gage style indeed (is that a precursor to Gangnam style?) - ironically (referring to one large iron rod), Phineas Gage's accident is believed to have entirely removed his OFC, as well as parts of his PFC. Though Gage likely suffered some mental changes, his recovery was a far cry from any sweeping "lose his decision-making ability entirely" ...
4
It's possible that there is no sharp threshold between information gathering and acting. A recent paper by Piantadosi exploring that possibility, and citing a ton of (admittedly more conventional/mainstream) work on decision boundaries is:
Alonso-Diaz S, Cantlon JF, Piantadosi ST (2018) A threshold-free model of numerosity comparisons. PLoS ONE 13(4): ...
4
I would say that the more compelling scientific evidence would suggest the opposite.
Daniel Kahnemann got a Nobel Prize for behavioural economics, part of which discussed that the default decision making is not a rational, thought through process. His book Thinking Fast and Slow discusses it quite well.
Dan Ariely's book Predictably Irrational discusses ...
3
This question seems to arise out of a slight terminological confusion. Empirical studies of human decision-making in particular are not covered by decision theory. Decision theory is the mathematical study of strategies for optimal decision-making between options involving different risks or expectations of gain or loss depending on the outcome. These ...
3
What are "linear spatial weightings" and "specific temporal windows" in Philiastides & Sajda (2006)?
I can make a guess, until someone who really knows the answer comes along :) I haven't read the paper and the answer I can give is probably not going to be formal enough for a math student. But I can tell you what I think.
The goal of the paper, I'm guessing, is to look at the pattern of activation recorded by EEG when viewing pictures of faces and cars, ...
3
I am not sure I understand the refill example, and I do not have any empirical study in mind, but here is a classical fictitious example drawn from Mas-Collel, Winsthon and Green, Microeconomics, which might be relevant to your question. The example is slightly far-fetched but I think it's good to get the idea.
Suppose you want to choose a color to paint ...
3
It is difficult to say that "common sense" is rigidly defined enough to be studied in the way stated above. There are interesting topics concerning common sense in Psychology, but most don't come from the angle you are suggesting. For instance, here is a really decent article discussing cognitive bias and common sense:
http://www.elkinsappsych.com/uploads/...
3
I would say 'Herd mentality' or 'Conformity' comes close.
Yet, I think it is important to note that 'thinking logical' is a pretty ambiguous term in itself. Everybody has their own image of what is logical and what is not, but that image is mainly formed by what others tell you what's 'normal'. People's opinions and actions are much less based on logic than ...
3
MariaAnt provided a relevant definition of complex problem solving in the answer to the question, "Research operationalizing so-called strategic thinking?" based on Frensch and Funke (1995).
[Complex problem solving] occurs to overcome barriers between a given state and a desired goal state by means of behavioral and/or cognitive, multistep ...
answered Apr 27 '15 at 11:41
Christian Hummeluhr
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