Any basic Neuroscience book, really. For example, a really good and widely used book is  

[**Principles of Neural Science**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_Neural_Science) from Kandel *et al*. I read it nearly from cover to cover, and it details the workings of the nervous system from bottom to top. Parts IV to IX are probably most relevant to you:

 - Part IV: The Neural Basis of Cognition
 - Part V: Perception
 - Part VI: Movement
 - Part VII: The Unconscious and Conscious Processing of Neural Information
 - Part VIII: Development and the Emergence of Behavior
 - Part IX: Language, Thought, Affect, and Learning