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Related to question.

Mania, hypomania, depression and bipolar are mood disorders, from what I understand.

Are ADHD and OCD under some category as well? From what I understand, the are opposite ends of some impulsive-compulsive spectrum?

OCD is an anxiety disorder (same link as earlier), from what I understand, but what about ADHD? Is there another description of OCD that also applies to ADHD?

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ADHD is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder.

Neurodevelopmental disorders are impairments of the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system. A narrower use of the term refers to a disorder of brain function that affects emotion, learning ability, self-control and memory and that unfolds as the individual grows.

You are correct in that OCD is generally considered an anxiety disorder. They are not the same because ADHD is characterized by cognitive impairment, and OCD is characterized by anxiety (in the form of obsessions and compulsions). However, you can find both disorders in one person.

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  • $\begingroup$ Thanks Sydney Maples! Is OCD neurodevelopmental as well? 'Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two of the most common neuropsychiatric diseases in paediatric populations'? $\endgroup$
    – Jack Bauer
    Sep 7 '15 at 7:48
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    $\begingroup$ @JackBauer There was nothing in that paper that suggested that OCD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, from what I can tell. I think it mentioned that because ADHD was neurodevelopmental, its symptoms typically showed up before OCD symptoms do. OCD is characterized by anxiety, which may or may not affect cognitive impairment, and ADHD is characterized by cognitive impairment, which may or may not produce anxiety. $\endgroup$
    – Sydney Maples
    Sep 7 '15 at 17:52
  • $\begingroup$ Sydney Maples, it says neuropsychiatric. Not neurodevelopmental, but has 'neuro' in it. And apparently there is a neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD. Just to be clear, OCD isn't neurodevelopmental? $\endgroup$
    – Jack Bauer
    Sep 7 '15 at 23:42
  • $\begingroup$ Is there any kind of category under which OCD and ADHD are? Neuro something? Also, sorry for linking error. I edited link for spectrum in the post $\endgroup$
    – Jack Bauer
    Sep 7 '15 at 23:44
  • $\begingroup$ @JackBauer It has 'neuro' in it to refer to the nervous system, of which neuropsychiatric disorders are all a part ('psychiatry' involves the study of these disorders). Within neuropsychiatric disorders there are many different types of disorders. 'Neurodevelopmental' disorders are disorders that impair development within the nervous system. A 'neurobiological' link means that they may share similar properties within the biology of the brain, similar to how there may be a link between the biology of memory and the biology of imagination. But it doesn't mean they are in the same camp. $\endgroup$
    – Sydney Maples
    Sep 7 '15 at 23:48
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Different diagnostic systems may assign these syndromes to different categories based on theory or clinical opinion. In the DSM-IV era, OCD was listed under the "Anxiety disorders" category; however, in the DSM-5, it is now listed under a different "Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders" category. ADHD is currently under the "Neurodevelopmental disorders" category.

However, many would argue that categorization should be based on empirical evaluation of the co-occurrence of syndromes and lower-level symptoms rather than on psychiatric theory or clinical opinion. When approached from this viewpoint, you find that OCD loads highly on the Internalizing spectrum (along with MDD, GAD, PTSD, and eating disorders) and ADHD loads highly on the Externalizing spectrum (along with substance abuse and conduct-related disorders) and moderately on the Antagonism spectrum (along with narcissism, antisocial, and histrionic disorders). There are many articles on such empirical evaluations and various dimensional and hierarchical approaches to understanding psychopathology that I could share if you are interested. One place to start is would be the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) system.

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  • $\begingroup$ thank you, jeffrey. why did you list the cluster-B personality disorders except for BPD? $\endgroup$
    – Jack Bauer
    Jun 7 '16 at 3:04
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    $\begingroup$ I didn't include BPD as an exemplar of the antagonism spectrum because it loads on both the internalizing and antagonism spectra. It is a complex and highly heterogeneous diagnosis. $\endgroup$
    – Jeffrey Girard
    Jun 7 '16 at 3:11
  • $\begingroup$ I like that word heterogeneous. so the other cluster-B are homogeneous? $\endgroup$
    – Jack Bauer
    Jun 7 '16 at 3:19
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    $\begingroup$ No disorder is fully homogeneous, but yes, BPD would appear to be more heterogeneous than other personality disorders. For a very interesting read on this topic, I recommend: Sharp, C., Wright, A. G. C., Fowler, J. C., Frueh, B. C., Allen, J. G., Oldham, J., & Clark, L. A. (2015). The structure of personality pathology: Both general (’g') and specific ('s') factors? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(2), 387–398. $\endgroup$
    – Jeffrey Girard
    Jun 7 '16 at 3:42
  • $\begingroup$ Jeffrey, this one? ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25730515 $\endgroup$
    – Jack Bauer
    Jun 7 '16 at 4:24

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