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Spaced repetition is a memorization technique that works by reviewing question/answer pairs according to a schedule that depends on performance.

Be it software or paper flashcards, there are various techniques to calculate the review schedule. For instance: Leitner, SM0, SM2, ... new techniques appear from time to time. Each new scheduling technique is trying to surpass the others, the goal being to calculate the intervals smartly, for instance so that a question is shown just before the student forgets the fact.

Is there work comparing the "efficiency" of some of those scheduling techniques? (few reviews, well-memorized) Preferably research involving a reasonable number of human experiments.

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A quick Pubmed search shows a couple of potential useful papers. The more promising:

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  • $\begingroup$ From the abstract of the first paper: >> However, there was no evidence that a particular relative spacing schedule (expanding, equal, or contracting) was inherently superior to another. Although expanding schedules afforded a pattern of increasing retrieval difficulty across repeated tests, this did not translate into gains in long-term retention. Repeated spaced retrieval had powerful effects on retention, but the relative schedule of repeated tests had no discernible impact. $\endgroup$
    – William B Swift
    Commented Jun 9, 2012 at 19:59
  • $\begingroup$ +1 Could you please identify which part of the second paper (Toppino) is a comparizon of different spacing techniques (like Leitner, SM2, etc)? Thanks! $\endgroup$
    – Nicolas Raoul
    Commented May 1, 2015 at 2:44

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