Any basic Neuroscience book would suffice, really. For example, a really good and widely used book is
Principles of Neural Science from Kandel et al. I read it nearly from cover to cover, and it details the workings of the nervous system from bottom to top. Parts IV to IX are probably most relevant to you:
- Part IV: The Neural Basis of Cognition
- Part V: Perception
- Part VI: Movement
- Part VII: The Unconscious and Conscious Processing of Neural Information
- Part VIII: Development and the Emergence of Behavior
- Part IX: Language, Thought, Affect, and Learning